ABSTRACT
Twelve compounds were isolated from the venom of Bufo bufo gargarizans. On the basis of their physical and chemical properties and spectral data, their structures were identified as resibufagenin (1), bufotalin (2), desacetylcinobufagin (3), 19-oxodesacetylcinobufotalin (4), cinobufotalin (5), 1beta-hydroxylbufalin (6), 12alpha-hydroxybufalin (7), bufotalinin (8), Hellebrigenin (9), telocinobufagin (10), hellebrigenol (11) and cinobufagin-3-hemisuberate methyl ester (12), respectively. Compounds 7 and 12 are new natural products.
Subject(s)
Animals , Bufanolides , Chemistry , Bufo bufo , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Molecular Structure , Venoms , ChemistryABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the effects of surface modification of lactose carrier on performance of dry powder inhalations (DPIs).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Modified lactose surface was prepared using a "particle smoothing" process to obtain smooth carrier surface and low surface energy with the presence of magnesium stearate, colloidal silica dioxide and talc. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) was used to assess the surface energy of treated lactose, and the in vitro deposition of carrier-based IFNa-2b DPIs was evaluated with twin stage impinger.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The flowing property of lactose was greatly improved and the surface energy decreased by the "particle smoothing" process. Decreasing surface energy resulted in greater aspiration fraction of IFNa-2b.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>IGC is a potentially useful tool for rapid formulation design and screening.</p>